Program: Dating Matters. Need Help? Know Someone Who Does? Technical Package. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: Email Address. What's this? For example, programming to support children exposed to marital violence, may help reduce their risk of violence in later life. Male behaviours commonly associated with 'traditional' masculinity [ 32 ], such as having many sexual partners, controlling female behaviour, and fighting other men, are strongly associated with IPV across all sites.
Women having children from another partnership, or, in some settings, working when her partner does not, also appear to increase her risk of IPV. These results highlight the need to engage with men and women to challenge norms around what is expected of, and deemed acceptable behaviour for both men and women. Promising research from Brazil, South Africa and Uganda highlights the potential impacts on partner violence, of programmes that tackle models of masculinity and address issues of gender norms [ 33 ].
Problematic alcohol use, among both women and their partners, is consistently and strongly associated with IPV. While it is difficult to establish the temporality of the observed associations, this relationship has been repeatedly been demonstrated in studies of IPV [ 12 , 34 — 36 ].
Health services, police and addiction programmes may therefore provide important entry points to identify and refer people who may be at risk of IPV.
Interventions that try to address and change cultural norms supportive of excessive alcohol use might also be expected to have knock-on effects in terms of primary violence prevention [ 37 ]. Importantly, not all variables demonstrated consistent relationships with IPV across sites, suggesting that policymakers should be cautious about any 'one model fits all' approach to IPV prevention. For example, risk associated with age disparity among partners, a woman working where her partner does not, and a woman taking an active role in choosing her partner, varies by setting.
What constitutes empowerment in one setting may represent an unacceptable transgression of gender norms elsewhere. Jewkes highlights that transgression of gender norms and failure to fulfil cultural expectations of good womanhood and successful manhood are among the most important triggers for intimate partner violence [ 19 ]. She argues that what constitutes a transgression may vary by setting, thus leading to cross-national variation in the behaviours that may emerge as risk factors.
The fact that we sometimes but not invariably observe increased IPV risk associated with the higher relative status of a woman for example if she works and her partner does not can also be interpreted in the light of theories that risk of partner violence may increase during periods of transition in gender relations. Women who step into new roles before background gender norms have shifted may be at increased risk of violence [ 38 ]. It is thus important that prevention efforts engage with both men and women [ 19 ].
The primary strength of our analysis is that it is based on fully comparable data from 15 culturally, economically and socially diverse sites. This type of comparison has not been possible to date in the field of IPV research, with the exception of the less tightly controlled DHS surveys. Obviously, the cross-sectional nature of this study limits the extent to which we can draw conclusions regarding temporality or the causal nature of observed associations. However, by distinguishing between early life and current characteristics, we do separate out those factors where temporality is clear from those where it is less certain.
A further limitation is that the study interviewed only women, and hence relies on women's reports of their partner's characteristics.
The data on partner characteristics refers to the woman's current or most recent partner, who in some cases may not be the perpetrator of the reported violence. Since the analysis considers only past year IPV, however, the number of cases where the reported violence was perpetrated by a more distant partner is likely to be small.
Any resulting misclassification would bias results towards the null rather than invalidate observed associations. The multi-faceted nature of the factors that influence partner violence highlights the need for a multi-sectoral response that combines development activities, including improved access to secondary education for girls and boys, with initiatives to transform gender norms and attitudes, address prior histories of abuse, and reduce harmful drinking.
Since risk of IPV is highest in younger women, schools are also an important setting for primary prevention activities, with potential to address issues of relationships, gender roles, power and coercion within existing youth violence and bullying programmes.
Although there is no magic bullet to reduce partner violence, the consistency of our findings across sites suggests that a prevention strategy, once validated and refined, might have relevance in a wide range of settings.
Initiatives to reduce partner violence require commitment and vision--by the international community, local governments and civil society. The time to act is now. As highlighted in the recent UN Campaign against violence against women--Women Won't Wait--such responses are urgently needed.
In practice, this definition varied slightly between countries in accordance with local notions of partnerships. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Mayhew S, Watts C: Global rhetoric and individual realities: linking violence against women and reproductive health. Health policy in a globalising world. Google Scholar. Arch Intern Med.
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Aggression and Violent Behavior. Stud Fam Plann. Heise LL: Violence against women: an integrated, ecological framework. Violence Against Women. Urbina: Conflict within intimacy a socio-demographic analysis of male involvement in physical intimate partner violence in Mexico. Jewkes R: Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention.
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J Interpers Violence. You may be in a physically abusive relationship if your partner:. Sexual abuse : involves forcing a partner to take part in a sex act when the partner does not consent. You may be in a sexually abusive relationship if your partner:. Stalking involves any pattern of behavior that serves no legitimate purpose and is intended to harass, annoy, or terrorize the victim. Typical stalking activities include repeated telephone calls, unwelcome letters or gifts by mail, surveillance at work, home and other places that the victim is known to frequent.
Stalking usually escalates. Note : Keep in mind that a survivor often makes several attempts to leave the abusive relationship before succeeding.
Skip to main content. Toggle navigation Welcome to the United Nations. Outreach workers in Syria are worried about the vulnerability of women and girls under curfew. What Is Domestic Abuse? Anyone can be a victim of domestic violence, regardless of age, race, gender, sexual orientation, faith or class Victims of domestic abuse may also include a child or other relative, or any other household member. Are You Being Abused? Recognizing the signs of domestic abuse Does your partner… Embarrass or make fun of you in front of your friends or family?
Put down your accomplishments? Today, stalkers have at their fingertips a wide array of computers and equipment including the Internet, global positioning systems, cell phones, and tiny digital cameras. In many states, general stalking statues have not kept up with these new technologies. However, changes in the law in made cyberstalking a crime in Kentucky KRS Psychological aggression can include:.
Coercive control and intimidation by the abusive partner is considered an underlying component of all of these types of violence. Often, threats are alternated with acts of kindness from the perpetrator, making it difficult for the victim to break free of the cycle of violence.
The ten-country World Health Organization survey and other research has consistently shown that emotional abuse can have a more profound and negative effect than physical violence. If you are attending a virtual event or viewing video content, you must meet the minimum participation requirement to proceed.
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