But while Mussolini died in , the ideas he put a name on did not. Though there was a taboo against the idea, at least in theory, after World War II, she has seen its return since the s as a new wave of strongmen have come to power. With the help of coded language, the old ideas are returning.
Fascism is becoming rehabbed for a new generation. Mussolini and Hitler are being idealized again. There have been spikes in hate crimes in many places; the President of the E. Parliament was forced this month to explain why he had hailed Mussolini; and the man charged with the massacre at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, appears to have declared himself a fascist, according to a manifesto attributed to him.
So, Ben-Ghiat says, asking how fascism has changed during its century of existence is perhaps the wrong question. Write to Olivia B. Waxman at olivia. Mussolini returned to Italy and established a new fascist regime in the north near Milan, an area that the Germans had occupied.
But he was merely a puppet of the Nazis. When the Allies neared Milan, Mussolini tried to escape. But anti-fascist Italian fighters captured and shot him on April 28, Mussolini inspired others to develop their own versions of fascism.
In , Francisco Franco established the Spanish state with some fascist elements. Other fascist or fascist-like regimes rose and fell in Japan, Argentina, South Africa, Greece, and Iraq among other countries. Fascist movements took root even in democracies. Today, variations of fascism live on in a number of military dictatorships around the world. These groups typically preach ultranationalism and spew hatred of racial or ethnic minorities.
While the idea of a unified nation under a fascist state probably died with Mussolini, the extreme racist forms of fascism, empowered by the Internet, are alive and well throughout the world. Why did Gentile and Mussolini believe that war was an essential part of the fascist state?
Layton, Julia. The terms have lost much meaning, other than as insults. Even scholars have difficulty in agreeing on a definition of fascism. But as the article notes, scholars do agree on several common characteristics of fascism. In this activity, you are going to use these characteristics to judge whether particular governments are fascist. Form small groups and review the characteristics of fascism at the beginning of the article. Each group should discuss and decide each of the hypothetical cases below whether each is an example of a totally, mostly, somewhat, or non fascist state.
Case 1: The government of Surs is ruled by one party, whose council of selects the supreme leader. The people vote in other elections, but only one person is on the ballot for each office, as the party nominates all those running.
The supreme leader has complete control of the society. The government owns all the major businesses and runs them in the name of the people. Religious worship is discouraged: No party member belongs to a religious organization.
The prisons are filled with political prisoners. Case 2: The supreme leader of Railkine makes most political decisions and heads the armed forces. The Assembly of Religious Leaders elects him from the clergy and may remove him. It also approves all candidates running for parliament. The assembly may also veto laws passed by parliament if they go against religious law. The supreme leader has outlawed political parties, closed newspapers, imprisoned dissenters, banned other religions, suppressed minorities, put requirements on how women should dress, and even outlawed dancing.
The supreme leader is building up the military and neighboring countries fear that Railkine will invade and impose its form of government.
Case 3: New Sed is a country with a parliament and a strong tradition of political and religious freedom. In the last 40 years, the Accolade Party has won election after election. Mussolini becomes Prime Minister. Mussolini becomes absolute dictator Il Duce. Mussolini aligns with Hitler. Practice: Fascism and Mussolini. Next lesson. Current timeTotal duration Google Classroom Facebook Twitter.
Video transcript When people use the terms "fascism" or "fascist" today, they're usually using it in a derogatory way to refer to a group, a regime, or even an individual that is overly aggressive, and controlling, and totalitarian. And they proudly call themselves the Fascists and their ideology as fascism. And the root of fascist and fascism come from the Italian word "fascio," which literally refers to a bundle.
It comes out of this idea that a bundle of things will be stronger together than individually. And this is actually the symbol for fascism. And this symbol of this bundle, this sheath of sticks, this actually predates Mussolini by thousands of years. It goes back to Roman times. And even, based on some of the things I've read, even predates Roman times as a symbol of unity, a symbol of official strength.
And even before Mussolini came around, the term was used by many, many, many groups that viewed themselves as a league of revolutionaries. A group of people somehow fighting for change.
And Mussolini was no different. When in the end of and then in early , he establishes the Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria. And I'm, once again, so sorry for my butchering of an Italian word. But this literally translates to group action revolutionary, or you could say the revolutionary action group, founded by Mussolini in And it was really a splinter of the Socialist Party. Some of them still do. A nation that is willing to share the gains of political gamblers cannot expect to escape wholly when they lose.
GI Roundtable Series. Corey Prize Raymond J. Cunningham Prize John H. Klein Prize Waldo G. Marraro Prize George L. Mosse Prize John E. Palmegiano Prize James A. Schmitt Grant J. Beveridge Award Recipients Albert J. Corey Prize Recipients Raymond J. Cunningham Prize Recipients John H. Fagg Prize Recipients John K. Franklin Jameson Award Recipients J.
Marraro Prize Recipients George L. Palmegiano Prize Recipients James A. The Rise and Fall of Fascism From his birth in to the day of his death in Benito Mussolini was many things to many men.
The early mask falls away When the king called on Mussolini to form a government in October , very few people in the world had any idea of what was meant by a totalitarian form of government. Responsibilities and consequences How shall we measure the consequences of fascism and its rule over Italy?
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